Artificial Intelligence Systems Will Need to Have Certification
Vendors of artificial intelligence technology should not be shielded by intellectual property claims and will have to disclose elements of their designs and be able to explain how their offering works in order to establish accountability, according to a leading official from the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency.
“I don’t know how you can have a black-box algorithm that’s proprietary and then be able to deploy it and be able to go off and explain what’s going on,” said Martin Stanley, a senior technical advisor who leads the development of CISA’s artificial intelligence strategy. “I think those things are going to have to be made available through some kind of scrutiny and certification around them so that those integrating them into other systems are going to be able to account for what’s happening.”
Stanley was among the speakers on a recent Nextgov and Defense One panel where government officials, including a member of the National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence, shared some of the ways they are trying to balance reaping the benefits of artificial intelligence with risks the technology poses.
Experts often discuss the rewards of programming machines to do tasks humans would otherwise have to labor on—for both offensive and defensive cybersecurity maneuvers—but the algorithms behind such systems and the data used to train them into taking such actions are also vulnerable to attack. And the question of accountability applies to users and developers of the technology.
Artificial intelligence systems are code that humans write, but they exercise their abilities and become stronger and more efficient using data that is fed to them. If the data is manipulated, or “poisoned,” the outcomes can be disastrous.
Changes to the data could be things that humans wouldn’t necessarily recognize, but that computers do.
“We’ve seen … trivial alterations that can throw off some of those results, just by changing a few pixels in an image in a way that a person might not even be able to tell,” said Josephine Wolff, a Tufts University cybersecurity professor who was also on the panel.
And while it’s true that behind every AI algorithm is a human coder, the designs are becoming so complex, that “you’re looking at automated decision-making where the people who have designed the system are not actually fully in control of what the decisions will be,” Wolff says.
This makes for a threat vector where vulnerabilities are harder to detect until it’s too late.
“With AI, there’s much more potential for vulnerabilities to stay covert than with other threat vectors,” Wolff said. “As models become increasingly complex it can take longer to realize that something is wrong before there’s a dramatic outcome.”
For this reason, Stanley said an overarching factor CISA uses to help determine what use cases AI gets applied to within the agency, is to assess the extent to which they offer high benefits and low regrets.
“We pick ones that are understandable and have low complexity,” he said.
Among other things federal personnel need to be mindful of is who has access to the training data.
“You can imagine you get an award done, and everyone knows how hard that is from the beginning, and then the first thing that the vendor says is ‘OK, send us all your data,’ how’s that going to work so we can train the algorithm?” he said. “Those are the kinds of concerns that we have to be able to address.”
“We’re going to have to continuously demonstrate that we are using the data for the purpose that it was intended,” he said, adding, “There’s some basic science that speaks to how you interact with algorithms and what kind of access you can have to the training data. Those kinds of things really need to be understood by the people who are deploying them.”
A crucial but very difficult element to establish is liability. Wolff said ideally, liability would be connected to a potential certification program where an entity audits artificial intelligence systems for factors like transparency and explainability.
That’s important, she said, for answering “the question of how can we incentivize companies developing these algorithms to feel really heavily the weight of getting them right and be sure to do their own due diligence knowing that there are serious penalties for failing to secure them effectively.”
But this is hard, even in the world of software development more broadly.
“Making the connection is still very unresolved. We’re still in the very early stages of determining what would a certification process look like, who would be in charge of issuing it, what kind of legal protection or immunity might you get if you went through it,” she said. “Software developers and companies have been working for a very long time, especially in the U.S., under the assumption that they can’t be held legally liable for vulnerabilities in their code, and when we start talking about liability in the machine learning and AI context, we have to recognize that that’s part of what we’re grappling with, an industry that for a very long time has had very strong protections from any liability.”
View from the Commission
Responding to this, Katharina McFarland, a member of the National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence, referenced the Pentagon’s Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification program.
The point of the CMMC is to establish liability for Defense contractors, Defense Acquisition’s Chief Information Security Officer Katie Arrington has said. But McFarland highlighted difficulties facing CMMC that program officials themselves have acknowledged.
“I’m sure you’ve heard of the CMMC, there’s a lot of thought going on, the question is the policing of it,” she said. “When you consider the proliferation of the code that’s out there, and the global nature of it, you really will have a challenge trying to take a full thread and to pull it through a knothole to try to figure out where that responsibility is. Our borders are very porous and machines that we buy from another nation may not be built with the same biases that we have.”
McFarland, a former head of Defense acquisitions, stressed that AI is more often than not viewed with fear and said she wanted to see more of a balance in procurement considerations for the technology.
“I found that we had a perverse incentive built into our system and that was that we took, sometimes, I think extraordinary measures to try to creep into the one percent area for failure,” she said, “In other words, we would want to % test a system and in doing so, we might miss the venue of where its applicability in a theater to protect soldiers, sailors, airmen and Marines is needed.”
She highlighted upfront a need for testing a verification but said it shouldn’t be done at the expense of adoption. To that end, she asks that industry help by sharing the testing tools they use.
“I would encourage industry to think about this from the standpoint of what tools would we need—because they’re using them—in the department, in the federal space, in the community, to give us transparency and verification,” she said, “so that we have a high confidence in the utility, in the data that we’re using and the AI algorithms that we’re building.”
